Hypertension: Causes, Risks, and Management

Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a condition characterized by consistent blood pressure readings above 140/90 mmHg over three consecutive visits, despite lifestyle modifications. It is a leading risk factor for several life-threatening diseases.

Hypertension and Its Impact

Hypertension is a significant contributor to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs),including coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic),renal failure, and peripheral arterial disease. It is closely linked to other conditions such as diabetes and obesity, further amplifying its health impact.

Determinants of Hypertension
Genetic Predisposition: Family history and genetic factors play a major role.
Age and Gender: Older individuals and males are more susceptible.
Weight Gain: Obesity is a key factor in the onset of hypertension.
Salt Intake: High sodium intake is directly linked to increased blood pressure.      Alcohol Consumption: Excessive alcohol intake is a significant risk factor.         Physical Inactivity: Sedentary lifestyles contribute to hypertension.
Smoking: Tobacco use can lead to acute spikes in blood pressure.

Risk Factors

Age above 55 years.
Postmenopausal women.
Sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and tobacco use.
Comorbidities such as diabetes and family history of hypertension.

Complications of Hypertension

Target Organ Damage
Left ventricular hypertrophy detected via ECG.
Albuminuria, proteinuria, and elevated serum creatinine levels.
Atherosclerotic plaques in carotids.
Narrowing of retinal arteries.

Associated Clinical Conditions:

1.Neurological Issues: Ischemic stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, and transient ischemic attacks.
2.Heart Conditions: Myocardial infarction, angina, and congestive heart failure.

Risk Stratification

Stage 1 Hypertension: Systolic BP 140–159 mmHg, Diastolic BP 90–99 mmHg with low-risk factors.

Stage 2 Hypertension: Systolic BP 160–179 mmHg, Diastolic BP 100–109 mmHg with moderate risk factors.

Stage 3 Hypertension: Systolic BP ≥180 mmHg, Diastolic BP ≥110 mmHg, often with target organ damage.

Management Strategies

1.Weight Reduction: Maintaining a BMI below 23 kg/m² is crucial.

2.DASH Diet: A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy with reduced saturated fats is recommended.
3.Sodium Restriction: Limiting dietary salt helps control blood pressure.           4.Physical Activity: Regular aerobic exercise, like brisk walking for 30 minutes daily, is beneficial.
5.Alcohol Moderation: Men should limit intake to 60 ml twice a week, and women to 30 ml twice a week.                           6.Tobacco Cessation: Complete abstinence from smoking is vital.

Hypertension is a silent yet deadly condition that requires proactive management. By adopting healthy lifestyle changes, regular monitoring, and timely medical intervention, the risks associated with hypertension can be significantly reduced, promoting a longer and healthier life.

By: Dr.Nethra